Publications

This journal article highlights the relevance of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2022. The article emphasises the importance of the GBF in guiding international biodiversity conservation efforts until 2030, with the ultimate goal of achieving a harmonious coexistence with nature by 2050. It also acknowledges the role of the global scholarly community in contributing insights to support biodiversity strategies and action plans.

This article delves into the intricate dynamics of public opinion regarding "Just Transition" policies in South Africa's coal mining sector. As the world strives for decarbonization, the study explores how these policies, designed to compensate communities impacted by the shift away from fossil fuels, can garner political support. By conducting in-depth interviews with coal miners, power plant workers, and community members in Mpumalanga province, the researchers uncover key insights.

Despite a growing understanding of the importance of knowledge co-production for just and sustainable urban transformations, early career green infrastructure experts typically lack opportunities to practice transdisciplinary knowledge co-production approaches within their normal training and professional development. This paper explores how pedagogical designs can help create favourable conditions for transdisciplinary knowledge co-production.

This paper reflects on experiences in building the SAPECS community, with the aim of supporting the development of similar networks elsewhere in the world, particularly in the Global South.

Decisions based on narrow set of market values of nature underpin the current global biodiversity crisis.  Many opportunities exist to embed the diverse values of nature into decision making for navigating towards more just and sustainable futures.

This article discusses how conservation approaches to social-ecological systems have historically prioritised preserving nature for its instrumental societal benefits, neglecting the complex relationship between humans and nature and the impact of climate change. The Nature Futures Framework (NFF) offers an alternative perspective, which emphasises the diverse positive values of nature and its contribution to people.

How can countries satisfy their demands while jointly delivering the required transformative change to achieve global sustainability targets? Here, we present a collaborative approach developed with the FABLE—Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land, and Energy—Consortium to reconcile both global and national elements for developing national food and land-use system pathways.

This insights brief presents key themes and recommendations that emerged from the SARA activities and discussions that were convened over the course of 2021 in order to explore ways of addressing barriers and unlocking key actions to transform food systems in southern Africa.

This report contextualises the actions of the Southern African Resilience Academy (SARA) in 2021, a year covering many pivotal events towards food systems transformation.

Preserving biocultural diversity is central to ensure the nutrition, resilience, and adaptive capacity of indigenous peoples and local communities who collectively maintain the longest ongoing human experiences with the provision of food under environmental change; a core component of global food security.

Climate change poses one of the greatest threats to human societies, demanding immediate and coordinated actions across all sectors. Food systems are one of the most important contributors to climate change and could compromise efforts to achieve the 2015 Paris Agreement targets. At the same time, food systems themselves will also need to further adapt to climate change impacts.

The main goal in this paper is to further develop the notion of methodological agility at the methodical level. The need for being methodologically agile is rooted in the global challenges we are facing today in the context of the Anthropocene – which has been described as a new human-induced geological epoch introduced / caused by the net effect of multiple socio-technical human actions since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century in the global north.

There is increasing focus worldwide on the role of business in society today. Globally, sustainability concerns and shifting value systems are re-shaping expectations of socially responsible business, as seen with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), global corporate initiatives such as the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), and leading standards such as the King IV Report on Corporate Governance

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for mobilization across global and local levels, and involves academic actors and societal agents in an emergency response to the planetary challenges facing us in the context of the Anthropocene. Never before in human history have we been required to mobilize ourselves globally around a common set of goals, whilst facing the consequences of our own human actions on a truly planetary scale.

In this edited collection of essays, researchers and practitioners, occupying varying positionalities in the energy sector, reflect on their experiences in grappling with the implementation and governance of renewable energy technologies across [...]

A 5 year review of the history and work of the CST.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflect a growing global consensus on the need to address sustainability challenges. SDG 2 aims to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. This outcome requires change across multiple domains, including health, development, and agriculture. Achieving this goal requires transformative change across the food system and the political will to effect such changes to recognize the integrated nature of food systems. In essence, food governance has to underpin the ability of present and future generations to meet their food and nutrition needs under extraordinary environmental pressures.

To capture visions of nature-futures as imagined by youth from the Global South, the CST facilitated a series of online events in 2021 with youth organizations and networks operating in southern Africa.

The future of the world is an urban one. This will be especially evident in cities and urban spaces in the Global South which are predicted to account formore than half of theworld’s population by 2050.

Putting the systems community more prominently on the map of correspondents to the current global problematique is the guiding strategy of the International Federation for Systems Research. 

The protection and sustainable use of ecosystem services (ES) are at the heart of human prosperity. This is the focus of national and international initiatives, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, and post-2020 action on the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Urban food is regarded as a promising lever for transformative change towards sustainability. There are two main reasons for this. First, cities are considered hotbeds for alternative practices and experimentation, which are vital to address the urgent sustainability challenges cities face. Second, food links to diverse domains such as ecological, political, social, health and economic systems. Acknowledging this potential, a shift towards considering urban food practice (UFP) for the design of sustainable cities is visible in both research and policy.

In this study, we investigate effects of reforestation programs in China on countries supplying forest and agricultural commodities to China. Using case studies of rubber and palm oil production in Southeast Asian countries, soy production in Brazil and logging in South Pacific Island states, we investigate cross-sector effects of production for and trade to China in these exporting countries.

This special report looks at Russia’s political, military and economic cooperation with Zambia and Tanzania. It also analyses the Soviet Union’s legacy, from which the Russian government and businesses can benefit in current relationships with African countries.

In this paper, four relational heuristic responses for re-imagining modes of engagement or patterns of activity that could enliven efforts of fostering systemic thinking and action to inform sustainability transitions towards more resilient and just Anthropocene futures are offered.

Use of the term “resilience” has grown rapidly over the past two decades and is currently something of a buzzword.

Five years into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) journey, the world is not on track to achieve the set goals (United Nations 2020b). With only minimal progress made, Sub-Saharan Africa countries are lagging in implementing these global goals. The COVID-19 pandemic presents another threat to the SDGs, negatively impacting economies and societies worldwide.

We present a practical approach to assess the outcomes of implementing natural open space plans in urban areas, especially for the local (municipal) level where resource challenges may hinder assessment.

The rapid pace and scale of societal and environmental changes in the anthropocene necessitate important changes in how integrated scientific assessments are carried out to account for such changes from local to regional and global levels. Contemporary global environmental assessments are shifting focus from only synthesizing the current state of knowledge towards understanding transformations and interventions needed to mitigate and manage environmental risks

This study synthesizes lessons from how twelve cases of social-ecological resilience practice are engaging with complexity. We assessed how each case engaged with complexity, according to a framework of six features of complex adaptive systems. The cases are situated in a diversity of contexts.

There is growing recognition of the potential for private land to contribute to global conservation efforts. Private land conservation areas (PLCAs) complement state-owned protected areas by increasing the total area available for biodiversity conservation, protecting species and habitats in threatened landscapes that are under-represented in state-owned protected areas and increasing the diversity of tenure types and conservation models that protect and manage biodiversity. Protected areas with different conservation models are likely to respond differently to social-ecological stressors.

Different regions, with different contexts and values, will follow different sustainability transformation pathways, giving rise to tensions and opportunities as the outcomes of regional pathways interact. To navigate these changes, we need a better understanding of how regional pathways interact to produce outcomes for people and nature.

Can enough healthy food for all be provided while sustaining the biosphere? What role do different technologies and actors play in achieving this goal? Can globalisation enhance inclusion and respect for bio-cultural diversity? How do abrupt events affect sustainable trajectories of development, and how do we anticipate their adverse impacts? These and other sustainability questions are complex and interconnected, and answering them requires bridging diverse sources of experience and knowledge.

Agriculture and food systems are in urgent need of transformation. They currently do not provide the needed food and nutrition security outcomes while having far-reaching environmental and social impacts. Many interrelated challenges obscure how to transform the agri-food system towards environmental, economic, and social sustainability.

In South Africa, a long history of conservation on private land conservation areas and the diverse private land conservation areas models provide an interesting case study to address this knowledge gap. The effectiveness of private land conservation areas across South Africa, and factors influencing their effectiveness, were thus quantified using losses in natural land cover and the biodiversity intactness index as proxies.

We provide an overview of the peer-reviewed literature on recreational hunting of terrestrial birds and mammals between 1953 and 2020.

To incorporate more linguistic diversity into global ecosystem assessment processes, we present actionable steps for global science teams to recognize and incorporate non-English-language literature and contributions from non-Anglophones.

While Russia’s relationship with Africa goes back decades, to the continent’s anti-colonial struggles, the past few years have seen a resurgence in relations.

Given that marginalized communities are highly vulnerable to climate risk, it is important to build their capacity to adapt locally and to integrate their perspectives into higher level adaptation measures. Current adaptation policy does not pay sufficient attention to this. Using a Cape Town-based project on water governance in low income urban settlements, this paper explores how a transdisciplinary research project supported capacity building.

Water justice requires attention be paid to the range of everyday realities that exist in the spectrum from formal to informal settlements.

The Garden Route Interface and Networking (GRIN) Meeting was initiated in 2017 with the aim of creating a third place for dialogue on, and advancement of, research and practice dealing with the interactions between natural and social systems, and with how those interactions affect the challenge of sustainability. Held in the Garden Route over 3 days during September–October of each year

We interviewed grassroots food innovators in South Africa to explore the diverse ways in which their narratives expressed different capacities for resilience, such as dealing with surprise and shaping desirable change. We drew on key resilience themes of rootedness, resourcefulness and resistance (the 3Rs) as lenses through which to view their personal stories and efforts to build resilience and reshape the future. We used narrative and interpretative methods to connect the personal and context-specific experiences of food innovators to the 3Rs, exploring a new approach to uncovering resilience capacities. We suggest that this approach could be usefully employed to understand potential resilience capacities that could help address diverse sustainability challenges around the world.

As part of the Inclusive Metabolism project, researchers and city officials from Cape Town, South Africa, and Kumasi, Ghana, shared their perspectives on how improving food systems can have wider socio- economic benefits for society, building resilience to shocks. Important approaches included adopting a food-water-energy nexus approach and embracing the value of informality to build resilience in city food systems.

Drawing on data and information from numerous studies conducted in the last 20 years, the book presents a comparative analysis of policy changes and management experiences in the countries concerned.

Biodiversity research is replete with scientific studies depicting future trajectories of decline that have failed to mobilize transformative change. Imagination and creativity can foster new ways to address longstanding problems to create better futures for people and the planet.

In this perspectives paper, we highlight why land reform programmes could benefit from considering ecosystem services in their planning processes, to better achieve their goals of socioeconomic development and equity.

This study seeks to measure attributes of social capital in five marine dependent communities of Solomon Islands.

This paper proceeds from the assumption that the ocean is a commons. The problem this paper seeks to address is the complex challenge of governing the ocean as a commons. Governance systems since the dawn of modernity have evolved to govern city-states nation-states and international relations. But the transformations to sustainability require governing interlinkages and interactions that have not previously existed across sectors, and scales with multiple actors.

African countries face unprecedented challenges of defining a future development pathway in a resource- and carbon-constrained world. This book addresses this challenge, with special reference to the set of infrastructure that most African countries require to meet the sustainable development goals and fulfil the aspirations of Agenda 2063. Infrastructure is a key factor that determines how resource and energy flow and transform through socio-economic systems. Decisions made today by African countries on their infrastructural configuration will determine the inclusivity, resource intensity and climate resilience of their development pathways for decades to come. This book is a product of a two‑year research conducted by a group of African scholars who have an extensive academic and practical experience on the development of key infrastructure sectors in Africa.

Infrastructure is critical to Africa’s development and its ability to address poverty. Achieving Africa’s development aspirations hinges on ensuring equitable access, not only to basic infrastructure such as water and sanitation systems, new electricity lines, roads and storm water drainage; but also to enhanced access to telecommunications and modern agricultural technologies for food security.

This book explores ‘storymaking’ as a way of unpacking some of the different capacities that social innovators in the food system of the Western Cape, South Africa, are drawing on in their efforts towards resilience.

In southern Africa, where many PLCAs rely on trophy hunting as an income-generating strategy, a potential ban on trophy hunting locally or abroad holds unknown consequences for the future conservation of these lands. In this study, we investigate the consequences of a potential trophy hunting ban in private land conservation areas in two biodiversity hotspots in South Africa's Eastern and Western Cape provinces.

In our current context of global environmental change, the need for effective institutions (i.e., formal laws, rules, norms and customs) to moderate human impacts, through environmental governance and management, has never been greater.

In this paper, we demonstrate that adopting a process relational perspective, which focuses on nonequilibrium dynamics and relations between processes, provides novel opportunities to advance SES research.

This study explored the shift in land use from livestock farming to game farming in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, from a social‐ecological regime shift perspective.

It is increasingly apparent that a deep transformation in the way we produce and consume food is needed in order to ensure a more just and sustainable future.

Private land conservation areas are increasingly looked to for meeting the deficit left by state-owned protected areas in reaching global conservation targets.

Roughly eight hundred million youth are projected to enter the African job market by 2050. By training the youth in new practices and approaches, they could be central to creating new systems and African futures that are more sustainable and just.

In the rapidly changing and uncertain world of the Anthropocene, positive visions of the future could play a crucial role in catalysing deep social-ecological transformations to help guide humanity towards more sustainable and equitable futures.

A system in conflict can also be resistant to peacebuilding efforts, locked into dynamics that reinforce and reproduce causes of tensions. Resilience thinking and the science on transformations can help identify leverage points for change and inform on how to use shocks and disturbances to spur renewal and innovative thinking.

Urban areas are responsible for 70% of global CO2 emissions and the rapid growth in urbanisation presents a significant risk to cities. It is predicted that by 2030 more than 70% of the South African population will be living in cities.

This thesis documents how a utility-scale renewable energy project has addressed community energy challenges through the development of a wind farm as part of South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP).

This thesis aims to explore how effective economic development efforts in the Renewable Energy Independent Power Produce Programme (REIPPPP) have been at creating long term improvements in the livelihood of low income communities.

The main aims of this thesis were to investigate and critically evaluate the participation of Black women owned businesses (BWOBs) within the South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), and to make recommendations to improve levels of participation of Black women in the REIPPPP in future rounds of the programme.

The development of local support networks and visible role models offers a promising entry point for supporting increased youth participation and systemic change in the food system.

This brief aims to clarify some of the key dimensions of the concept of equity.

Biological invasions arise from the human-mediated spread of organisms out of their native range to new areas of the world whether purposefully or accidentally.

Net-Map is an easy to use social network mapping tool that can be used to assist grass-roots educators develop place-based, action learning in spaces where traditional structures of support are weak or absent. This toolkit provides an introduction to the use of Net-Map as a learning support tool

The Anthropocene poses highly uncertain, high stakes futures (one always refers to multiple futures, because we influence the future through our choices and actions in the present, and multiple different futures are therefore always possible). Given the Anthropocene context, it becomes vitally important for communities, citizens, policymakers, leaders and individuals to have visions of positive, hopeful futures that can help guide our choices and actions towards creating more just and sustainable futures.

We propose a set of four general principles that underlie high-quality knowledge co-production for sustainability research.

Essential services, like water and electricity, underpin modern life. Disruption in service delivery exposes critical inter-dependency, ranging from community level to the national economy.

A resilience building workshop was designed to enhance the resilience of essential service delivery in a sociotechnical systems context through ongoing formative resilience assessments. The workshop utilizes seven generic resilience building principles, derived from social-ecological systems, found to enhance the resilience of ecosystem services.

Humanity has been very successful in modifying the planet to meet the demands of a rapidly growing human population. The dissertation emphasises the importance of understanding the social and ecological interactions that underlie woody encroachment, including the worldviews of land users and managers.

Electricity supply serves as a lifeline, is foundational to the effective functioning of modern society, and powers multiple layers of other critical infrastructure systems. This dissertation uses the implications of complexity thinking and resilience thinking to investigate approaches to assess and build the resilience of the embedded social resources required to ensure resilient essential service delivery.

There is a growing body of experience feeding the design of and motivation for social innovation labs as spaces that can be used to enable transformation or change. Olsson et al. (2004) have described transformation as...

Efficient energy supply is a means for people to gain access to a wide range of energy-related services. In unmet energy markets where energy supply is inadequate or lacking, such [...]

South Africa's political history, unique demographic profile, and economic growth drivers, present a challenge in adopting universal strategies and business models to plan for the impact of battery electric vehicles [...]

The rapid growth of urban informal settlements, or slums, poses a particular challenge for balancing developmental and environmental goals. In South Africa, high levels of inequality, poverty, and unemployment contribute to widespread migration.

A series of processes is now converging to force the issue of sustainability to drive South Africa's low-carbon energy transitions. This raises the question of how a 'sustainability transition' framework [...]

This paper investigates how a change in a region’s energy cost share (ECS), a ratio of a region’s energy expenditure as a fraction of its gross domestic product (GDP), affects the region’s social and economic development.

Urban material resource requirements are significant at the global level and these are expected to expand with future urban population growth. However, there are no global scale studies on the [...]

The South African Department of Energy launched the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Program (REIPPPP) in 2011 to secure additional renewable energy generation capacity for South Africa’s national electricity [...]

Having long depended on fossil fuels for energy generation, South Africa is now investing in renewable energy. Like its mining operations, its renewable energy plants will have local implications. Renewable [...]

This article explores how concepts from justice and ethics can inform energy decision-making and highlight the moral and equity dimensions of energy production and use. It defines “energy justice” as [...]

Responding to Kunneman’s argument that the notion of ‘ethical complexity’ introduces an existential and ethical turn in the field of complexity thinking, it is argued that Kunneman’s concept of ‘diapoiesis’ [...]

For many South Africans a healthy, balanced diet is elusive. Food security in both urban and rural South Africa is heavily dependent on cash incomes for household purchase of food [...]

An enabling environment for malnutrition reduction includes creating policy and political momentum, and converting momentum to implementation and impact. We used several qualitative data sources to investigate changes in policy [...]

Research efforts using system dynamics to understand and evaluate societal and policy‐related problems in Southern Africa are becoming essential. This paper undertook a systematic review to examine the extent of [...]

This paper assesses the different levels of uncertainty that affect the analysis of informal urban settlements and the implementation of upgrading policies, with a specific focus on electrification. The rapid [...]

Smallholder farmers in South Africa find it challenging to participate in the modern economy. Most of these farmers have limited access to credit and insurance, and to markets in which [...]

The Western Cape Government in South Africa has identified the concept of a green economy as a way to transform the Province's economy to one that is more sustainable from [...]

Shaping sustainable, equitable African cities requires strengthened investigations into the cities’ current resource flows, infrastructure systems, and future resource requirements. The field of urban metabolism (UM) offers multiple forms of [...]

Increasing urbanisation and the proliferation of slums require a holistic understanding of the urban metabolism of cities. However, existing urban metabolic analyses exclude a detailed understanding of how urban slums [...]

The national government instated a mandatory blending policy to facilitate the uptake and establishment of a biofuels sector in South Africa. Uncertainty exists, however, regarding the implications and effects of [...]

Studies for building designs exist both internationally and, to a lesser degree, in the South African context. However, there is limited understanding of the various types of low-cost buildings and [...]

Improved sustainability of cities requires equitably distributed and ecologically safe, if not restorative, infrastructure systems, as well as reduced reliance on resources from beyond urban boundaries. To shape infrastructure systems [...]

The Western Cape Province of South Africa has introduced a green economy plan called "Green is Smart". This initiative has the envisaged possibility of providing the Province with a sustainable [...]

As cities grow, their environmental and natural resource footprints also tend to grow to keep up with the increasing demand on essential urban services such as passenger transportation, commercial space, [...]

As cities grow, their environmental and natural resource footprints also tend to grow to keep up with the increasing demand on essential urban services such as passenger transportation, commercial space, [...]

This paper aims to present a new master’s programme for promoting energy access and energy efficiency in Southern Africa. A transdisciplinary approach called “participatory integrated assessment of energy systems” (PARTICIPIA) [...]

Humans all over the planet are struggling and aspiring to engage with the scale and scope of the challenge of achieving human well-being and environmental stewardship for all. This special [...]

Regime shifts are sudden, long-lasting changes in the structure and function of social-ecological systems that may have profound effects on human economies and societies. Regime shifts have been documented in a variety [...]

Human actions have affected the earth’s climate and environment in ways that threaten the ecosystem services on which human well being depends. This has necessitated a dramatic change in human relationships [...]

The growing recognition of the intertwinedness of society and the environment is driving a reframing of the conventional divide between social and natural systems and has given rise to the study [...]

This is the background note on this book project. It has been more than 25 years since the terms ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainability’ rose to the prominence in international development discourse. [...]

The State Capacity Research Project today released a new report, How One Word Can Change The Game:  A Case Study Of State Capture And The South African Social Security Agency [...]

Transdisciplinarity is not a new science per se, but a new methodology for doing science with society. A particular challenge in doing science with society is the engagement with non-academic actors [...]

Wide agreement exists that the “Anthropocene” demands new forms of engagement and responses to achieve sustainability, but different fields suggest quite different approaches. In this communication, we set out four perspectives that [...]

Societies around the world face an increasingly uncertain future as social and ecological changes create pressure on resource governance, and this uncertainty calls for new models that illuminate the intersections [...]

Relational biology relies heavily on the enriched understanding of causal entailment that Robert Rosen's formalisation of Aristotle's four causes has made possible, although to date efficient causes and the rehabilitation [...]

Targets for human development are increasingly connected with targets for nature, however, existing scenarios do not explicitly address this relationship. Here, we outline a strategy to generate scenarios centred on our [...]

Although policymakers and scientists are increasingly embracing the food system perspective, it has been poorly reflected in institutional terms. We aim to fill this gap by addressing the question as [...]

This report looks at the resource implications of projected urbanization, and calls for substantial changes in urban form, governance and design. Coordinated by Mark Swilling and Blake Robinson of the [...]

Current economic growth strategies around the world are rapidly depleting the natural resources and eco-system services that we depend on. Just Transitions gives a comprehensive overview of these global challenges [...]

The depletion of South Africa’s (and in some cases the world’s) natural resources and the degradation of environmental sinks (including the atmosphere, lakes and rivers, and land) are continuing at [...]

A major new study on the country's emerging Shadow State by the State Capacity Research Project.  

Social-ecological regime shifts involve large, often abrupt, reorganizations in interlinked social and ecological systems. The domestication of fire illustrates how physiological and social changes enabled humans to start actively controlling [...]

Humanity has emerged as a major force in the operation of the biosphere. The focus is shifting from the environment as externality to the biosphere as precondition for social justice, economic [...]

We take a social-ecological systems perspective to investigate the linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being in South Africa. A recent paper identified different types of social-ecological systems in the [...]

Feeding the world’s population a healthy, affordable and environmentally sustainable diet is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century and has been highlighted in Sustainable Development Goals 2 [...]

Although African agricultural systems are highly reliant on their environment, their diversity, context specificity, and the existing generations of traditional knowledge offer elements of resilience in the face of climate [...]

There is overwhelming evidence that the national food system in South Africa is in crisis, without any clear or shared understanding of a pathway toward a more sustainable configuration (Pereira [...]

The scale, rate, and intensity of humans’ environmental impact has engendered broad discussion about how to find plausible pathways of development that hold the most promise for fostering a better [...]

Repeated food crises have resulted in increased recognition of the boundary-spanning nature of governing food systems and in consequent calls for more holistic food governance. An increasing number of governments [...]

Implementation of large-scale wind, solar and hydro projects in South African communities is intended to contribute to local economic development. Government policy, through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement [...]

By May 2015, the renewable energy independent power producer procurement (REIPPP) programme had approved 79 wind, solar and hydro projects and asked each of them to contribute towards local community [...]

This thesis challenges and complements the transdisciplinary inquiry into the governance of commons. Using a combination of auto-ethnography and participatory action research I contribute to the call to “rethink governance [...]

This book is a collection of all the single authored essays by Paul Cilliers, published between 1990-2011. Being one of few authors who approached the study of complexity from a [...]

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